Friday, March 31, 2023

冰美式咖啡

在韩剧中,如果剧中人物要点咖啡,通常会选择冰美式。什么是冰美式咖啡呢?先从美式咖啡说起。对此,互联网上有很多介绍,我在这里摘录一段:

最初的美式咖啡(英文:Americano)是使用滴滤式咖啡壶(Drip Coffee Maker)制作的黑咖啡,因为它的萃取时间相对较长(通常四到五分钟),所以咖啡因含量相对较高。然而,我们现在喝到的美式咖啡通常是用意式浓缩咖啡加上三倍的水和冰块制成的。

星巴克的 Caffè Americano 就是 “美式咖啡”,Iced Caffè Americano 就是 “冰美式咖啡”。

意式浓缩咖啡,英文即 Espresso,使用的 shot 数来计量。一个标准的 shot 的容量相当于 1.5 盎司,约等于 44 毫升。Espresso 还分为 Blonde、Decaf 和 Signature 三种。Blonde 的咖啡因含量最高,非常浓烈。默认的选择是 Signature,即标准的星巴克意式浓缩咖啡。而 Decaf 则有 1/2、1/3 和 2/3 的选择。

尽管黑咖啡更为健康,但许多人可能难以接受它的平淡的味道。在考虑到健康因素的同时,他们也不想添加 Sweeteners 或 Toppings 或含糖的 Flavours。在这种情况下,可以选择 Flavours 里的一种 Sugar Free Vanilla Syrup,以满足口味需求。

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咖啡因含量

在星巴克,一份(1 shot)Espresso 的容量为 0.75 盎司,含有 75 毫克咖啡因。一大杯的冰美式咖啡标配含有 3 杯 Espresso,也就是含有 225 毫克咖啡因。如果你想要少摄入一点咖啡因,可以选择只加入一份 Espresso。

星巴克的冰咖啡每盎司含有 10 毫克咖啡因,所以一大杯冰咖啡含有 160 毫克咖啡因。

而星巴克的中度烘焙咖啡 Pike Place Roast,每盎司含有 19.5 毫克咖啡因,一大杯含有 312 毫克咖啡因。

相比之下,星巴克的深度烘焙咖啡(Dark Roast)的咖啡因含量更高,每盎司含有超过 20 毫克的咖啡因。

星巴克的大杯 Grande,它的容量是 16 盎司,默认配有 3 shots Espresso,也就是 2.25 盎司,因此 Espresso 与其他成分的比例大约为 1:6。

Thursday, March 30, 2023

Ted's Breakup Mix 和其他 breakup songs

《Ted Lasso》第三季在 Apple TV+ 上热播,虽然我急切想看,但是我压制了内心的欲望,决定要等到第三季全部播放完毕才去一口气看完。虽然如此,还是躲不开人们在互联网上谈论第三季的一些点滴,比如现在正在疯传的 Ted's Breakup Mix 歌单,它列出了 Ted Lasso 喜欢的 26 首分手歌曲。歌单如下:

  1. Bob Dylan & Johnny Cash - “Girl from the North Country”
  2. Roy Orbison - “It’s Over”
  3. No Doubt - “Don't Speak”
  4. Phil Collins - “Against All Odds”
  5. Gin Blossoms - “Til I Hear It From You”
  6. Patsy Cline - “Crazy”
  7. Lauryn Hill - “Ex-Factor”
  8. Rod Stewart - “Maggie May”
  9. Boyz II Men - “It’s So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday”
  10. Otis Redding - “These Arms of Mine”
  11. Weezer - “Say It Ain't So”
  12. Frances Ruffelle - “On My Own”
  13. Kansas - “All I Wanted”
  14. The Cranberries - “Linger”
  15. *NSYNC - “Bye Bye Bye”
  16. Gotye - “Somebody that I Used to Know”
  17. Alanis Morissette - “You Oughta Know”
  18. Nazareth - “Love Hurts”
  19. The Cure - “Picture of You”
  20. Natalie Imbruglia - “Torn”
  21. Hall & Oates - “She’s Gone”
  22. REM - “Everybody Hurts”
  23. Harry Nilsson - “Without You”
  24. ABBA - “Knowing You, Knowing Me”
  25. Joy Division - “Love Will Tear Us Apart”
  26. Journey - “Separate Ways”

Youtube 上有很多人建立了这个歌单,比如这个

Apple Music 也专门建立了这个歌单,链接在这里

Spotify 也建立了这个歌单,链接在这里

这个歌单在 Reddit 上引发了讨论。有些人说这些分手歌曲并不是最好的。有些人说还有其他一些歌曲应该加入到 Ted 的歌单里,比如 "Strange" by Celeste、"Night Shift" by Lucy Dacus。那就是仁者见仁智者见智的事了。这只是 Ted Lasso 过去一些年反复听的一些分手歌曲。他太太之前和她离婚,拖了很久,最终他签字了。这次当 Dr. Sharon 离开球队时,Ted 又听起了这些歌曲。

Apple Music 还有一个 Breakup Songs Essentials 的歌单。

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针对上面的中文由 AI 生成的英文

Ted Lasso season 3 is currently streaming on Apple TV+. Although I'm eager to watch it, I've decided to wait until the third season is completely finished before watching it in one go. Even so, I can't avoid people discussing some of the details of the third season on the Internet, such as Ted's Breakup Mix playlist that is now going viral. It lists 26 breakup songs that Ted Lasso likes. The playlist includes songs such as "Girl from the North Country" by Bob Dylan & Johnny Cash, "It’s Over" by Rob Orbison, "Don’t Speak" by No Doubt, "Against All Odds" by Phil Collins and many more.

This playlist has been created by numerous individuals on Youtube, while Apple Music and Spotify have also curated their own versions.

This playlist has sparked discussion on Reddit. Some people say that these breakup songs are not the best. Some people say that there are other songs that should be added to Ted's playlist, such as "Strange" by Celeste and "Night Shift" by Lucy Dacus. That's a matter of opinion. These are just some breakup songs that Ted Lasso has been listening to repeatedly over the past few years. His wife divorced him a while ago and it took a long time for him to sign the papers. This time when Dr. Sharon left the team, Ted started listening to these songs again.

Apple Music also has a Breakup Songs Essentials playlist.

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Bloomberg “Points of Return”专栏的作者 John Authers 说:

On the subject of breakups: Ted Lasso needs to roll over. You can listen to Ted’s Breakup Mix if you like. But you’re better off with the crowd-sourced Survival Tips Breakup Mix on Apple Music, or Spotify. A lot of Points of Return subscribers have been through breakups, which at least confirms that readers are living life to the full, and running the risk of disappointments along the way. It’s quite a motley range of songs, by both men and women, some of whom were left and some of whom ended the relationship, some of whom remain very, very angry and some of whom are as lovelorn as ever and very sad. I haven’t included much very recent music (“Good For You” by Olivia Rodrigo would have been an obvious candidate), mainly because Points of Return’s readership tends not to listen to the stuff that’s come out recently. It also doesn’t include late-breaking nominations that ranged from Jacques Brel to Leonard Cohen; sorry about that.

关于分手的话题:特德・拉索需要翻篇了。如果你想听特德的分手歌单,那也可以。但是,苹果音乐或者 Spotify 上面众包的 “Survival Tips Breakup Mix” 可能更适合你。很多“Points of Return”的订阅者经历过分手,至少证实了读者在充实地生活,也冒着一路上失望的风险。这是一个很杂乱的歌单,既有男性又有女性的歌曲,有些人被抛弃,有些人结束了关系,有些人仍然非常愤怒,有些人则像往常一样恋爱至死和非常悲伤。我没有纳入太多最近的音乐(Olivia Rodrigo 的 “Good For You” 显然是一个很好的选择),主要是因为“Points of Return”的读者倾向于不听最近的歌曲,也没有纳入最近的提名,包括 Jacques Brel 和Leonard Cohen 等;对此很抱歉。

Tuesday, March 21, 2023

OCRmyPDF 很好用

我之前写了几篇关于纸质文件电子化的文章,介绍如何将纸质文件转换为 PDF 文件来保存。在此,我再次归纳一下步骤和几个工具:

  • 用 Irfanview 扫描纸质文件,生成第一层 TIFF 文件。如果纸质文件的长度超过一定尺寸,需要使用 Hugin 来拼接。
  • 使用 Scantailor Advanced 处理第一层 TIFF 文件,生成第二层 TIFF 文件。
  • 使用在线计算器可以计算某种尺寸的纸张在特定分辨率下所对应的像素点数。我使用 Irfanview 或 GIMP 对第二层 TIFF 文件进行剪切、清理杂点等编辑工作。
  • 使用 Irfanview 的命令行将 TIFF 文件转换成 PDF 文件。
  • 使用 PDFtk Server 的命令行将一页页的 PDF 文件合并。
  • 使用 Ghostscript 的命令行压缩 PDF 文件。

以上所有命令行操作都可以通过批处理文件实现。我用这个流程处理了成百上千张的纸质文件。

然而,这个流程少了一步:将 PDF 文件中的文字提取出来并覆盖到 PDF 自身中。这个步骤很重要,因为这样的 PDF 文件的内容可以被搜索。

我可以使用 Tesseract Open Source OCR Engine 来实现这一步,但是我在网上找到的操作指南过于复杂,效果也不是特别理想,因此我很少进行这一步操作。还有一个原因是现在文字识别技术已经非常发达,手机、Dropbox、微信等平台都可以直接读取图片或 PDF 上的文字。尽管如此,具有可搜索性的 PDF 文件可以在更多的环境下被检索。

今天我发现了一个免费工具 OCRmyPDF,这个工具使用 Tesseract Open Source OCR Engine 开发而成。作者开发这个工具的初衷是因为发现其他工具效果不够理想。我今天试用了一下 OCRmyPDF,使用非常简便,效果十分出色!

上面的流程应该加上这一步:

  • 使用 OCRmyPDF 将文本层添加到 PDF 文件,这样让 PDF 的内容可搜索。

以后,我不会再省略这一步了。

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Windows 下如何安装 OCRmyPDF

在 Apple 公司的 macOS 这种基于 Unix 或者其他基于 Linux 的电脑上安装 OCRmyPDF 十分容易。

在 Windows 下直接安装 OCRmyPDF 需要先安装 Python、Tesseract、Ghostscript,再安装 Chocolatey 软件包管理器,步骤很多,太复杂了。我不推荐这种方法。OCRmyPDF 还可以间接地安装在 Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) 、Cygwin64 或者 Docker 里面。其中在 WSL 里面这种方法最简单,只需要一个命令行就行了。

官方的安装指南请看这里,在这里我不多说了。

我以前写过关于 WSL 的文章,详见这里。微软公司也有十分详尽的 WSL 文献。在此,我也不赘叙。

Wednesday, March 15, 2023

Instacart 送折扣券,但是要花功夫找货才划算

Instacart 送我两张 coupons,总共 $80 的折扣——在一个商家购物 $80 送 $40 折扣。字面上是 50% 的折扣,看起来不错。

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在 Instacart Walmart 找合适的商品

我首先去 Instacart 上的 Walmart 找商品。已经放弃在 Walmart 买牛肉了,质量比不上 Costco 的。找到了如下的狗粮,超过了 $80:

  • Purina ONE Lamb & Rice Formula Dry Dog Food 14 kg - $54.09
  • 两袋 DentaLife Small/Medium Breed Daily Oral Care Dog Treats - 2x$15.09=$30.18

Subtotal                    $84.27
Service fee                 $12.64
Estimated taxes and fees    $12.59
Credit/Discount applied    -$40.00
Delivery Tip(5.0%)           $4.21
Total (CAD)                 $73.71

如果我直接去 Walmart 买:

  • Purina ONE Lamb & Rice Formula Dry Dog Food 14 kg - $49.97
  • 两袋 DentaLife Small/Medium Breed Daily Oral Care Dog Treats - 2x$13.97=$27.94

Subtotal                    $77.91
taxes                       $10.13
Total (CAD)                 $88.04

算下来节约了 $14.33 而已。

我没有下单,理由如下。

我通常去 Costco 买狗粮。

去 Costco 购物直接拿:

Kirkland Signature Dog Food 40 lbs - $49.99

合计 $1.25/lbs。

Instacart Walmart:

Purina ONE Lamb & Rice Formula Dry Dog Food 14 kg - $54.09

14 kg 相当于 30.86 lbs,合计 $1.75/lbs,一磅贵了 $0.50,总共贵了 $15.43。

两者对比下来,Purina ONE 贵了 $15.43,超过了在 Instacart 节省下来的钱。而且没有 Kirkland Signature Dog Food 的选择多、质量好。 

没节省钱不说,如果算上在 Instacart 花很长时间去找货、下单的麻烦,那就更不划算了。

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在 Instacart Costco 找货

如果从 Instacart Costco 买 Pedigree Vitality+ Adult Dry Dog Food 22 kg,标价 $52.69/袋。它在降价销售,每袋便宜 $10,$52.69 - $10 = $42.69。两袋刚刚超过 $80。

Subtotal                    $85.38
Service fee                 $4.27
Estimated taxes and fees    $11.66
Credit/Discount applied    -$40.00
Delivery Tip(5.0%)          $4.27
Total (CAD)                 $65.58

税后总共 $65.58,$32.79/袋。

Costco 店里也打折,原价 $48.99,打折后 $38.99,税后 $44.06

一袋便宜 $11.27,两袋便宜 $22.54,所以在 Instacart Costco 买这个狗粮还是相当划算的。

如果挑选某个送货时段,那么送货小费可以免了,就更划算了。

最终下单如下:

Order totals
Item Subtotal
               $105.38
Tip                         $4.27
Service Fee                 $4.27
Service Fee Tax             $0.56
Harmonized Sales Tax        $11.10
Retailer Discount          -$20.00
Retailer Coupon Discount   -$44.27
Total                       $61.31

税后平均一袋 $30.66,买两袋的话比在店里买便宜了 $26.80。狗粮也正好要吃完了,两袋可以远远在过期日之前消耗掉。

以上使用了最常见的等宽字体 Courier  来实现正确对齐账单。

Sunday, March 12, 2023

Silicon Valley Bank Crisis

Silicon Valley Bank 简称 SVB,母公司是 SVB Financial Group,股票代码是 SIVB,在 NASDAQ 上市。中文称之为硅谷银行,香港称之为矽谷银行(“矽”是化学元素 “硅” 的旧称)。

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硅谷银行发生了什么事?

硅谷银行母公司的股票周三(2023 年 3 月 8 日)盘后和周四(2023 年 3 月 9 日)发生崩盘。

SVB Financial Group

然后 2023 年 3 月 10 日一大早被规管部门接管,股票在周五开盘前就被停盘了。

崩盘原因简单说明如下,详细说明在后面:

As of December 31, 2022, SVB had mark-to-market accounting unrealized losses in excess of $15 billion for securities held to maturity. In early March of 2023, a combination of factors—including poor risk management and a bank run driven by tech industry investors—caused the bank to collapse.

bank run 就是挤兑。

接管过程看这里。摘录如下:

The Federal Reserve and the FDIC sent people to SVB's offices early in the morning of March 10, 2023, to look at the company's finances. Several hours later, the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (DFPI) issued an order taking possession of SVB, citing inadequate liquidity and insolvency, and appointed the FDIC as receiver. The FDIC then established the Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara to re-open the bank's branches the following Monday and enable access to insured deposits.

周五一大早美联储和 FDIC 进驻硅谷银行。FDIC 被加州 DFPI 任命为接管者。周一,被FDIC 保险的存款(每位客户最多 25 万美元)可以提款——这部分低于总存款 3%。

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硅谷银行崩盘的原因

我们来看这个人的解释:

An explainer on what is going on with Silicon Valley Bank:

- In 2021 SVB saw a mass influx in deposits, which jumped from $61.76bn at the end of 2019 to $189.20bn at the end of 2021.

- As deposits grew, SVB could not grow their loan book fast enough to generate the yield they wanted to see on this capital. As a result, they purchased a large amount (over $80bn!) in mortgage backed securities (MBS) with these deposits for their hold-to-maturity (HTM) portfolio.

- 97% of these MBS were 10+ year duration, with a weighted average yield of 1.56%.

- The issue is that as the Fed raised interest rates in 2022 and continued to do so through 2023, the value of SVB’s MBS plummeted. This is because investors can now purchase long-duration "risk-free" bonds from the Fed at a 2.5x higher yield.

- This is a liquidity issue as long as SVB maintains their deposits, since these securities will pay out more than they cost eventually.

- However, yesterday afternoon, SVB announced that they had sold $21bn of their Available For Sale (AFS) securities at a $1.8bn loss, and were raising another $2.25bn in equity and debt. This came as a surprise to investors, who were under the impression that SVB had enough liquidity to avoid selling their AFS portfolio.

他还回复一个人的提问时说:

For each $1bn they put in they will get that amount plus ~1.56% annualized interest out eventually, but the MBS is currently marked at something like 80-85% of cost basis due to the fed rate. If deposits drop substantially they become forced sellers they will take a loss on it, and they will have liquidity issues. If they don't have to sell they don't have a liquidity issue.

按照 $80bn 和 80% 的市值率来计算,如果发生 100% 的挤兑,那么硅谷银行亏损 $16bn。

现在的问题是当硅谷银行筹集资金的时候,嗅觉敏感的客户已经开始提款了,比如 Peter Thiel 和美团的王兴等。

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解决办法

大家都知道最理想的解决办法当然是一家或者多家银行(共同)接手硅谷银行。

虽然 SVB 买的长期投资看起来最终会回本,但是这个投资毕竟低于市面回报率,别的银行来接手,相当于注入自己的资金,这些资金是要拿当前市场回报率的,所以这是亏本的操作。

不过,有信誉有实力的银行来接手,此时,绝对大多数客户不会挤兑,实际注资肯定不会完全等于 SVB 的客户存款,实际亏损肯定远远低于 $16bn 那么多

SVB 被停牌的时候市值 $6.28bn,总股本是 $16.30bn,现金和短期投资是 $6.53bn。因此,SVB 被接手是完全可以做得到的。

FDIC 拍卖程序在 2023 年 3 月 12 日周日的下午两点截至,周日晚上会公布投标情况。目前市场还不知道到底有没有投标人。

据英国天空电视台报道,汇丰控股和摩根大通有可能是硅谷银行英国分部的竞购者。

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国家救存款

周日 2023 年 3 月 12 日 6:15 PM 美国财政部、美联储、FDIC 联合声明

  1. 无论投保的还是未投保的存款从周一起都可以取。
  2. 美联储正在制定紧急贷款计划以保持资金流向银行。
  3. 股东和无担保债务人将不受保护。高级管理人员已被撤职。
  4. 根据法律要求,存款保险基金为支持未投保的存款人而遭受的任何损失,将通过对银行进行特别评估来弥补。
  5. 今天被纽约州关闭的 Signature Bank 也被同样处理。
  6. 纳税人不会背负引起的损失。

这个第 6 条我是无法理解。因为第 3 条里的背锅侠吗?

第 3 条太残酷,所有股东和银行的未投保的债券持有人全部被清洗。

这个声明是有依据的。FDIC 虽然规定只要求银行担保 25 万美元的存款,是因为不想让银行背负更多的保险费,实际上,国家因此背书了银行的所有存款。这也是为什么 FDIC 能全盘接手银行,这也是法律规定的。而股东等相当于公司的实际所有人,董事会都是股东选出来的,搞成这样,股东自行负责了。

同一时间还有美联储还发了一个声明

...the Federal Reserve Board...will make available additional funding to eligible depository institutions...The additional funding will be made available through the creation of a new Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP), offering loans of up to one year in length to...institutions pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral...the Department of the Treasury will make available up to $25 billion from the Exchange Stabilization Fund as a backstop for the BTFP...institutions may obtain liquidity against a wide range of collateral through the discount window...the discount window will apply the same margins used for the securities eligible for the BTFP, further increasing lendable value at the window.

主要就三点:(1)美联储成立了一个爆雷基金 BFTP。(2)财政部还从金融稳定基金 ESF 拿出高达 $25bn 的基金作为后援(backstop)。(3)银行可以把自己被套牢的高质量的债券、证券等用作抵押以十分优惠条款获得爆雷基金来给自己注入流动性。

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加拿大的 OSFI 接管硅谷银行加拿大分部

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汇丰控股以一英镑的价格接手硅谷银行英国分部

下面是汇丰控股的声明:

汇丰控股以一英镑的价格接手硅谷银行英国分部

很多人在 Twitter 说怎么不卖给我啊,我可以出两英镑。说出这话就很无知。你没资源,你接手就是挤兑,手上的资产就得亏本甩卖。汇丰的资源也是有成本的。接手另外一家银行的过程也是有成本的。汇丰控股在英国伦敦股市今天一路下跌,Mar 13, 1:11 p.m. GMT 时刻下跌 4.61%,这说明投资者对风险忍耐度很低,且持怀疑态度。

汇丰控股在英国伦敦股市今天一路下跌,Mar 13, 1:11 p.m. GMT 时刻下跌 4.61%

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其他流动性不强的银行

First Republic Bank

流动性不强的银行  First Republic Bank 股价大跌

虽然 FRC 在周日说自己有七百亿美元的流动资金,但是这些资金主要来自美联储和摩根大通。来自美联储的那部分应该是来自爆雷基金,来自摩根大通是通过两家之间的协议。这变相承认自己没有流动性。FRC 的存款有 65% 左右是没有 FDIC 承保的。

PacWest Bancorp

PacWest Bancorp
这也是一家加州银行。

Western Alliance Bancorporation

Western Alliance Bancorporation

其他大跌的金融机构还有 Credit Suisse Group AG 瑞士信贷银行。这不奇怪,这家处于旋风中有很长时间了。瑞士政府不久前宣布暂时不插手这家银行,让其自救。

嘉信理财证券商 Charles Schwab Corporation 也是盘前大跌。它是金融资产在美国第八大的金融机构。

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加息期望大幅降低

在 2023 年 3 月 13 日早上高盛预测说美联储下次不会加息了。市场已经完全不期望会加息 50 个基点。大部分现在认为加息 25 个基点。

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2023 年 3 月 23 日开盘后银行股血流成河

美国地区性银行普遍跌幅超过 20%。大的银行 BAC WFC C 跌幅 7% 左右。

加拿大银行六大银行十分稳定,跌幅在 5% 以内。Canadian Western Bank 和 Laurentian Bank of Canada 跌幅都不大。

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Bloomberg 的 Matt Levine 详细解释了硅谷银行破产,已经联储为什么是最后的救命稻草。

Friday, March 10, 2023

OpenAI ChatGPT vs Bing Chat

OpenAI ChatGPT

GPT 全称是 Generative Pre-trained Transformer。它是什么意思呢?ChatGPT 是这样解释的:

Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) is a type of deep learning model that uses a transformer architecture to generate natural language text. The model is pre-trained on a large corpus of text data using an unsupervised learning approach, which means that it does not require explicit labels or annotations for training.

During pre-training, the model learns to predict the next word in a sequence of text given the previous words. This task is known as language modeling. The GPT model is designed to capture the relationships between words in a language, which allows it to generate coherent and fluent sentences.

After pre-training, the model can be fine-tuned on a specific task, such as text classification or language translation, by training on a smaller labeled dataset. GPT models have achieved state-of-the-art results on various natural language processing tasks, such as language modeling, text classification, and question answering.

这里有一个中文维基百科词条:基于转换器的生成式预训练模型

OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 也有一个中文维基百科词条。

ChatGPT 就是 GPT 训练出来的一个模型,详细见官方解释

还有更多的关于 GPT 系列的介绍,还有其他模型。这些对我来说太高深了。

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Bing Chat

微软在 AI 上起步很早,比如最早的小冰聊天机器人。

Is Bing AI based on OpenAI's large language model?

Bing AI is not based on OpenAI's large language model, known as GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer). Bing AI uses Microsoft's proprietary AI technologies and datasets to develop its chatbot and other AI products. While OpenAI's GPT has had a significant impact on the development of natural language processing and other AI technologies, Bing AI's technologies are not directly based on it.

Is Bing chat based on OpenAI GPT?

I am not aware of any Bing chat service that is based on OpenAI's GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language model. However, Microsoft, which owns Bing, has developed its own language model called Microsoft Turing, which powers several of its natural language processing services, including the Microsoft Bot Framework and Microsoft's chatbot XiaoIce. It's possible that Bing's chat service uses Microsoft Turing or another proprietary language model developed by Microsoft.

What are differences between BING Caht and OPENAI ChatGPT?

Bing Chat and OpenAI ChatGPT are both chatbots that use artificial intelligence to generate responses to user input, but there are several differences between them. Here are some key differences:

  1. Ownership and Development: Bing Chat is developed by Microsoft, while OpenAI ChatGPT is developed by OpenAI, an independent research organization.
  2. Technology: Bing Chat uses Microsoft's proprietary AI technologies, which may include natural language processing, machine learning, and other AI techniques. OpenAI ChatGPT is based on OpenAI's large language model, which is a deep learning-based natural language processing system.
  3. Training Data: Bing Chat uses a dataset that has been curated and developed by Microsoft, while OpenAI ChatGPT uses a large and diverse dataset that includes web pages, books, and other written sources.
  4. Accessibility: Bing Chat is primarily accessible through Microsoft's products and services, such as Bing search and Microsoft Teams. OpenAI ChatGPT is available to the wider research and business communities through APIs and partnerships.
  5. Capabilities: Bing Chat is primarily designed to provide customer service and support, while OpenAI ChatGPT can be used for a wide range of applications, including conversational AI, language translation, and content generation.

Overall, while both Bing Chat and OpenAI ChatGPT are chatbots that use AI to generate responses to user input, they have different ownership, development, technology, training data, accessibility, and capabilities.

以上是 ChatGPT 给出的答案。

What are differences between BING chat and ChatGPT?

BING chat and ChatGPT are both AI chatbots that can interact with users in natural language. However, they have some differences:

  • BING chat is powered by Microsoft and integrated with Bing search engine. It can help you get answers from the web, create written content, gather trip planning ideas, and more. ChatGPT is developed by OpenAI and based on GPT-3.5, a large language model that can predict the next word in a series of words.
  • BING chat is currently available only on Microsoft Edge app on mobile devices, while ChatGPT can be accessed through various platforms such as web browsers, apps, and APIs.
  • BING chat has a limit of 10 chats per session and 120 chats per day, while ChatGPT does not have such restrictions.

I hope this helps you understand the differences between BING chat and ChatGPT.(blush) 

以上是 Bing Chat 给出的答案。

每天的 Limit 经常在变。基本上很难与 Bing Chat 进入很长的或者很深度的聊天

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Bing Chat on Skype

Bing Chat 有三种 conversation styles: creative, balanced, precise。如果你在浏览器里或者 Bing App 上使用 Bing Chat,可以选择三种之一 。

聊天时可以输入 #creative 或 #balanced 或 #precise 来切换聊天风格。

Bing Chat on Skype 默认聊天风格是 balanced,在有的账户上多次尝试上面的命令可以成功切换风格,有的账户上不行。我也不知道为什么。最先让我尝试 Bing Chat 的账户不行,后面的账户可以。

Bing Chat on Skype 有一个好处,所有的聊天记录都保存下来了。

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天下没有免费的午餐

目前 ChatGPT 只对免费用户开放聊天功能,其他各种功能都不免费了,要使用其他功能必须付月费。而且 ChatGPT 也给开发者开发 API 接口,有更多定制,也是收费服务。毕竟 ChatGPT 要赚钱,还要还微软公司一百多亿美元(即使还清了,微软也占 49% 的股份)。

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Bing Chat Modes

在本文之前我提到过,在我的一个 Skype 账户上——最先开通 Bing Chat 的那个账户, #creative 或 #balanced 或 #precise 三个命令全部不起作用,但是后来开通的账户全部可以。

我心里不舒服,在这个账户上坚持不懈地骚扰 Bing Chat,虽然还是不成功,但是今天又学习到了一招。

我: How many conservation style does Bing chat have?

Bing: Bing chat has three conversation styles: creative, balanced, and precise. Each mode is designed to respond in different tones, though they were pretty inconsistent. If you are looking for factual information, you might prefer a formal or professional mode (technology.inquirer.net).

我: What commands does Bing chat use to switch styles?

Bing: You can switch conversation styles by saying, “switch to [mode].” For example, if you say, “switch to casual,” Bing will use more informal language and slang words. You can also say “switch back” to return to the previous mode.

这个信息十分有用。第一个回答里的那个链接的文章详细说明了四种模式 casual, formal, friendly, or professional。

然后我问了同样的问题:

我: Could you explain your new conversation styles? 

Bing: Sure, I can explain my new conversation styles. I have two conversation styles: regular and creative.

In regular mode, I provide informative, visual, logical and actionable responses. I also provide short suggestions for the next user turn after responding.

In creative mode, I can generate poems, stories, code, essays, songs, celebrity parodies and more....

我: Switch to creative

Bing: Sure, I have switched to creative mode. How can I help you now?

尽管没有提到没有提到有 precise 模式,但是我还是要试一试:

我: switch to precise

Bing: Sure, I have switched to precise mode. How can I help you now?

成功了!

我: Do you have more modes?

Bing: No, I only have two modes: precise and creative. Precise mode is more focused on providing accurate and informative responses, while creative mode is more focused on generating creative and engaging responses. Which mode would you like me to use?

我: What is your regular mode?

Bing: My regular mode is precise mode. Would you like me to switch to creative mode?

但是 Switch to casual 或者 Switch to formal 等都可以用!

到底,我明白过来,Bing Chat 切换到 casual, formal, friendly, professional, precise/regular, creative 等等只是各种不同的 styles 和 tones 等,可以随意切换。他们到底有什么区别,需要用户自己去体验。

Tuesday, March 7, 2023

向 AWS/Cloudflare/IBM/GoDaddy 等提供公司税号及更换支付信用卡

昨天收到了新的美金信用卡。出于安全考虑,旧的美金信用卡在出事后第一时间就被银行停用了。我在多处用这张信用卡支付账单,大部分是每月定期账单,现在需要赶快在每处把旧卡去掉,然后添加新的信用卡;我的地址最近也改了,所以 Billing Information 也要更新。

事情看起来不难,但是这两天花了我不少时间。

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IBM Cloud 和银行的 Payer Authorization

在 IBM Cloud 遇到了麻烦,用新卡替换旧卡出错。复制了错误信息,找 IBM Cloud 的 Online Chat 客服,客服说信用卡没有通过 Payer Authorization,不是 IBM Cloud 的错,需要我联系银行。

然后我打电话找发行信用卡的银行,女电话客服态度很好,很爽朗,让我尝试一些最常见的方法:用老地址、邮编去掉中间的空格、刷新浏览器等,都不行,每次提交后还是出现同样的错误。然后我重复 IBM 提供的对这个错误的解释。她说查到了被拒绝的记录,但是她不知道原因,也不知道怎么处理——可能她权限不够——需要去联系别人,这样找了很多次别人,来回了很多次,最终成功了。她说去掉了一个安全措施——我猜就是去掉了或者批准了 Payer Authorization。我也不知道只针对 IBM 去掉了这个安全措施,还是把卡的这个安全措施彻底拿掉了。

几个月前我在 AWS 也遇到过添加卡通过不了的问题,也找了这家银行,那位客服没有帮上忙,虽然他也看到了后台拒绝记录。AWS 的支付系统也不完善。我不知道到底哪边出了问题,最后我只得用了另外一张信用卡。办完 IBM 这个事后,我赶紧把新的信用卡添加到 AWS,添加成功!然后设置为默认支付卡,看下个月的账单是否支付成功——会省掉汇率转换费用。

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公司注册税号,GoDaddy 及 AWS

在 Godaddy 更新 Billing Information 的时候发现有一个 Business Tax ID 框,我就填写了,最后结账的时候发现免税了。不知道法律依据在哪里。

然后我赶快去别的地方仔细查看,发现 AWS、Cloudflare 和 IBM Cloud 等都有这个 Tax ID 框,然后补充了这个信息。

我第一个 AWS 账户已经填写了这个 Tax ID,相反去年新开通的第二个 AWS 账户我没有填写这个 Tax ID。

为什么我的 AWS 老账户提供了这个 Tax ID?我模糊记得 AWS 在开始对加拿大客户收 GST 的时候发了很多电子邮件通知客户的,也许因为如此,我添加了这个信息。

我搜了一下邮箱,果真如此,AWS 是在 2021 年 6 月 21 日发出的通知,然后我当天添加了公司税号。

Dear Amazon Web Services Customer,

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING YOUR AWS MARKETPLACE PURCHASES

You have received this email because our records indicate that your AWS account has a registered address in Canada.

Effective July 1, 2021, Amazon Web Services, Inc. (“AWS”) will begin collecting and remitting Goods and Services Tax (“GST”), Harmonized Sales Tax (“HST”), Quebec Sales Tax (“QST”), Saskatchewan Provincial Sales Tax (“SK PST”), and/or British Columbia Provincial Sales Tax (“BC PST”) on your purchases on AWS Marketplace, if your AWS account’s business legal address is based in Canada. See how AWS determines the location of your account. If AWS has charged you GST/HST or QST, it will issue you with a valid tax invoice, so that you can claim an Input Tax Credit or Input Tax Refund on your returns if you are eligible.

AWS 自 2021 年 10 月每笔账单都收了 GST/HST,并没有免税。那为什么在 Godaddy 填写了公司税号后免去了 GST/HST 呢?我不明白。

另外,我搜了邮件记录,除了 AWS,别的公司都没有发出电子邮件通知要求客户补充公司税号。

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Cloudflare 收不收 GST/HST?

在添加了公司税号后,我看看下个月 Cloudflare 收不收 GST/HST,之前都是收 13%。它的网站是如此说的:

Canada

All NON-GST Registered Customers who are located in Canada are required by law to pay tax

但是对 GST Registered Customers 就不会收吗?等候下个月的账单。

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找到了法律依据 -   GST/HST for digital economy businesses

终于找到了这个官方网站官方搜索,虽然我完全无法解释这个新政策的影响——我不是会计专业人士。

在名单里面搜到了 Cloudflare 和 GoDaddy 和 SoftLayer (IBM),没有搜到 Amazon Web Services Canada。那么,按此推断:下个月 Cloudflare 不会收 13% 的 GST/HST 了——正好验证一下。

从 2021 年下半年起,因为没有提供公司税号,我多缴纳了不少税,报税的时候有特殊处理吗?我花了不少冤枉钱吗?如果是,会计报税的时候看到这些账单也没想到提醒我?我有不少疑惑。

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会计对“数字经济 GST/HST”政策的解读

有疑惑,我就不安定。谷歌“数字经济 GST/HST 2021”,很多会计事务所对这个新政策有解释。总算搞明白了,税不会少缴纳,只是先缴纳还是后缴纳的问题。当然,估计没人愿意先缴纳,所以还是尽可能在其他数字经济企业把自己的公司税号填写上。也难怪,Cloudflare 等公司根本就没问老客户要这个 Tax ID。

我当时听说过这个新政策,完全没有深究,没想到与我还是有点关系。

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特别说明

1、Tax ID 填写格式。有些数字经济企业要求客户必须填写完整的税号:9 位数字的公司号加上 RTXXXX——也就是你的在税务局注册的公司 GST 税号。有的数字经济企业只要求客户填写 9 位数字的公司号。有的地方两种方式随便哪个都行。

2、以上提到的数字经济企业不代表我推荐他们的服务。很多年前我开始用他们,后来就一直用了下去,就没想换到别的公司,或者换到别的公司很麻烦。后来很多其他数字经济企业都提供了他们的服务,而且做得更好。比如 GoDaddy 的域名服务,十几年前还是有优势的,现在 AWS、Cloudflare 等都提供这种服务,也便宜很多。比如 IBM Cloud,在 bare metal 时代,它收购的 Softlayer 是很不错的,现在都用 Cloud,很多公司都比它强。

Monday, March 6, 2023

用 OVEN 烤 Costco 的 St. Louis Style ribs

Costco 一直有售 St. Louis Style Pork Ribs,有两种类型可选择:back ribs(稍微瘦点)和 side ribs(稍微肥点)。按照以下方法烹制,back ribs 有点渣,side ribs 汁多点。虽然有些细微的差异,但不是非常明显,可以根据自己的喜好来选择买哪一种。

个人认为,在烤箱(Oven)中烤制的效果最好,肉质更加香嫩。汤煮的做法已经被我们完全放弃了。今天只讨论这种做法。

一条肋排一次吃不完,可以将其分为两份,每次烤一半。

如何 seasoning 及用 Oven 烤?请看这篇文章。基本与我们取得的经验吻合,在此借来一用。

以下文字一部分基于一篇文章的编译,也有我们自己的经验。

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Seasoning

在烤制前一天进行调味 —— 也就是提前 24 小时将调味品撒在肋排上,然后放入冰箱保存。

Flavor Connections Rib Rub & Seasoning 由盐、糖、黑胡椒、辣椒粉、红甜椒、大蒜、洋葱和红花籽油制成。

如果家里备有这些调料,就没有必要购买 Flavor Connections Rib Rub & Seasoning 或其他品牌的调料。我们就是自己配制调味品。

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如何在烤箱中烹饪 Pork Ribs

步骤如下:

  • 将烤箱预热至 350 华氏度,大约需要 5 分钟。
  • 将 Ribs 放入垫有铝箔纸的烤盘中,Ribs 应浸泡在一层水中或用铝箔纸包裹。
  • 将 Ribs 烤约 2 小时,直到 Ribs 内部达到 190 华氏度,或者直到肉很容易与骨头分离。
  • 如果需要,可以在排骨上刷上烧烤酱,然后将其放回烤箱再烤 20 到 25 分钟。
  • 开始享用。

如何判断烤肉达到了最佳效果?最好的方法是轻轻一撕,肉很容易与骨头分离。

虽然文章提到的通过判断肉内部达到 190 华氏度的方法更科学,但我们没有烤肉温度计,因此没有尝试过这种方法。

在制作 Pork ribs 前一天,我们先用 Seasoning 腌制好,然后将肉用两层铝箔纸包裹好,放入冰箱中冷藏过夜。第二天烤之前,将肉放入烤盘中,烤盘要先垫上两张铝箔纸 —— 这样即使外层的纸破了,里层的纸也能保护肉汁不流失,从而保持烤肉的效果。我们并不进行预热,而是直接将烤盘放入烤箱中,调到 300 华氏度的温度,然后烤约三个小时,直到达到最佳效果。这个经验是通过多次尝试得出的。

我们选择的温度比那篇文章低些,温度低点,烤得慢点,时间长点,效果更好。时间不够,火候不够,肉与骨头之间轻轻一撕不会那么容易分开,肉就不是那么香。

这种做法制作出来的 Pork ribs 便宜又美味,老少皆宜。